Environmental Impact Assessment Effectiveness in Public–Private Partnerships: Study on the Colombian Toll Road Program

Public–private partnership (PPP) has been positioned as a relevant contracting method for developing large-scale infrastructure projects that entails potentially high-magnitude negative impacts on the environment. The effectiveness of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is crucial to achieving sustainable development these projects. To unravel drivers EIA and multiple combinations built by complexity drivers, this paper analyzes 28 road PPP from Colombia employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) approach. This decodes conjectural causal links between specific conditions grouped in superordinate clusters (i.e., consultants’ capability, project features, communities’ participation) dimensions normative, procedural, substantive, transactive). Findings revealed no single combination ensures multidimensional effectiveness. study demonstrated relies significantly integration features three external stakeholders: consultants, nonpreferred proponents, communities. constitutes first empirical identification generate PPPs.